How Much Clean Water Does Jakarta Need?

According to Amrta Institute research, the demand for clean water in DKI Jakarta is increasing every year. In 2015, the clean water demand reached 1.2 billion cubic meters, a one percent increase from the previous year. Of this amount, only 36 percent was met by PAM (Jakarta's water company) supply, with the remainder sourced from groundwater. It is estimated that the capital's water needs will surge to 25,000 liters per second next year.

To meet their daily water needs, millions of residents utilize groundwater and river water. However, according to a study by the Amrta Institute, an institution researching groundwater and rivers in DKI Jakarta, 93 percent of Jakarta's river and groundwater is contaminated with *Escherichia coli* bacteria. The count reaches 2 million per 100 cubic millimeters of water, while the tolerance limit for this bacteria is only 2,000 per 100 cubic millimeters.