According to the Madani Berkelanjutan environmental research institution, approximately 89,000 hectares of indicative burned areas (AIT) were recorded in Indonesian concessions between January and August 2025.
AIT represents an estimate of the area affected by forest and land fires (karhutla) that are currently burning or have already occurred.
The figures presented here only estimate karhutla within concessions—land whose management rights have been granted by the government to other parties.
From the beginning of the year to August 2025, the largest fires was found in palm oil concessions under the right-to-use (HGU) system, totaling 36,000 hectares.
Fires also occurred in oil and gas (migas) mining concessions, forest utilization business permits (PBPH) areas, and mineral and coal (minerba) mining areas, with estimated areas as shown in the graph.
Previously, Forestry Minister Raja Juli Antoni stated that the mid-2025 forest and land fires was caused by extreme weather.
However, according to the Pantau Gambut environmental research institution, the problem stems from corporate activities.
"Forestry Minister Raja Juli Antoni repeatedly blamed hot weather and the public for the 2025 forest and land fires," stated Pantau Gambut in a press release (September 15, 2025).
"However, data from Pantau Gambut and Madani Berkelanjutan reveal that the massive activity of large-scale monoculture plantations remains the primary cause of forest and land fires throughout 2025," they said.
Sadam Richwanudim, Legal Specialist at Madani Berkelanjutan, believes the government also failed to implement early mitigation.
"Policymakers should have taken mitigation steps to prevent such a large number. We regret that this year's fires also affected peat and protected areas, areas whose ecosystems should be preserved," said Sadam in a press release (September 15, 2025).
"We urge law enforcement agencies to prosecute companies whose concessions have burned. Furthermore, the principle of strict liability requires companies to take full responsibility for their concessions," he added.