There have been 4,000 agrarian conflicts since 2009, with the Jokowi era recording the highest number.

Between 2009 and 2022, at least 4,107 agrarian conflict cases occurred in Indonesia, affecting a total area of 11.8 million hectares.

*Databoks* compiled these figures from a series of year-end reports by the Agrarian Reform Consortium (KPA), regularly released since 2009.

The KPA obtained agrarian conflict data from several sources:

* Victims reporting agrarian conflicts to the KPA, either directly or through intermediaries;
* Collection of agrarian data from regions;
* Field investigations; and
* Monitoring of mass media reports.

With these relatively limited sources, the KPA data represents a "minimum figure" of the actual total agrarian conflicts in Indonesia.

The KPA only records cases of "structural agrarian conflict," namely land conflicts caused by public officials' policies, resulting in the threat and/or deprivation of the community's constitutional rights to agrarian resources.

This data does not include ordinary land disputes, such as inheritance disputes, land disputes between companies, and so on.

Based on this method, between 2009 and 2022, the highest number of agrarian conflicts were recorded during President Jokowi's administration, with 659 cases in 2017.

According to the KPA, the majority of agrarian conflict cases in 2017 were related to the plantation sector, particularly for palm oil commodities.

On the other hand, considering the area affected, the largest agrarian conflict occurred at the end of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's administration, namely in 2014.

Of the 472 agrarian conflict cases that emerged that year, the total area of land contested reached 2.86 million hectares.

The majority of conflict areas in 2014 were related to the maritime and marine sector (54%), specifically the dispute over oil and gas concessions and the border between Malaysia and Indonesia.

According to the KPA, many agrarian conflict cases in 2014 were also related to the plantation sector and the Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development (MP3EI) project, which focused on infrastructure development.