According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the population density in DKI Jakarta reached 16,158 people per square kilometer in 2022.
This figure is up by approximately 1% compared to 2021 and further solidifies DKI Jakarta's status as the most densely populated province in Indonesia.
Other regions with high population density include West Java, Banten, Yogyakarta Special Region, Central Java, East Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, Lampung, and Riau Islands.
Although among the most densely populated nationally, the population density in these nine provinces is significantly lower than Jakarta, as shown in the graph.
Population density can affect a person's psychological condition and well-being. This was stated by Heni Suhaeni, a researcher from the Settlement Research and Development Center of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR).
"If the space for carrying out basic human activities is limited, the resulting behaviors are emotional reactions or aggressiveness," said Heni Suhaeni in her research report entitled *Population Density and Housing Influence on the Adaptive Capacity of Residents in Dense Housing Environments* (2011).
"People living in densely populated areas tend to feel easily tired, easily annoyed, easily angered, or feel helpless because they don't have the opportunity to rest for a while, have their own privacy, so a person's energy tends to be drained inefficiently and unproductively," she continued.
Similar sentiments were expressed by Rafli Muhammad Sabiq and Nunung Nurwati, academics from the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University, in their scientific work entitled "The Influence of Population Density on Criminal Acts" in the *Journal of Conflict Resolution Collaboration* (2021).
"High population density causes many problems, one of which is limited job opportunities. This condition also causes the unemployment rate to increase due to tight competition in the job market," they said.
"Population density is also one of the factors that triggers criminal acts, because densely populated areas tend to experience problems with the economy, welfare, food needs, and a lack of security," they continued.