Jakarta's air quality on Sunday night was moderate, but PM2.5 concentration remained 3.6 times higher than the WHO standard.

Jakarta's air quality on Sunday, December 24, 2023, at 7:00 PM WIB was recorded as unhealthy, with PM2.5 concentration 3.6 times the WHO's safe standard. This concentration is unhealthy for sensitive groups.

According to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry's Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) page, Jakarta's average air quality index was 98, with an average PM2.5 concentration of 54.1 µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic meter) at 7:00 PM WIB.

According to WHO standards, good air quality has an average 24-hour PM2.5 concentration range of 0 to 15 µg/m³.

The lowest PM2.5 concentration in Jakarta's air was 49.8 µg/m³ at 3:00 PM WIB, while the highest PM2.5 concentration was at 2:00 PM WIB with a value of 65.1 µg/m³.

Quoting the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) website, PM2.5 are small airborne particles measuring 2.5 microns or about 3% of the diameter of a human hair.

Sources of PM2.5 include emissions from the combustion of gasoline, oil, wood, and other fuels. Long-term effects of PM2.5 exposure on the human body include premature death, chronic heart and lung diseases, and reduced lung function in children.

For information, BMKG categorizes PM2.5 air pollution levels as follows:

* Good: 0 - 15.5 µg/m³
* Moderate: 15.6 - 55.4 µg/m³
* Unhealthy: 55.5 - 150.4 µg/m³
* Very Unhealthy: 150.5 - 250.4 µg/m³
* Hazardous: >250.5 µg/m³