Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, has surprisingly sparsely populated areas.
According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the least densely populated province is North Kalimantan. In 2021, this province, bordering Malaysia, had only 9 people per square kilometer (km²).
Other regions with low population density include West Papua, Papua, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, Maluku, North Maluku, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi.
These provinces have population densities ranging from only 10 to 70 people/km², a stark contrast to Jakarta, which had a population density of 15,978 people/km² in 2021.
Heni Suhaeni, a researcher from the Settlement Research and Development Center of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR), notes that high population density can affect a person's psychological state and well-being.
"If the space for carrying out basic human activities is limited, the resulting behaviors are emotional reactions or aggressiveness," said Heni Suhaeni in her research report titled *Population Density and Housing Affect the Adaptive Capacity of Residents in Dense Housing Environments* (2011).
"People living in densely populated areas tend to feel easily tired, easily annoyed, easily angered, or feel powerless because they don't have the opportunity to rest, have their own privacy, so a person's energy tends to be drained inefficiently and unproductively," she continued.