Solar photovoltaic, also known as solar modules or panels, is a technology that converts sunlight into electricity. This technology is produced using critical minerals as raw materials.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the critical minerals most needed by the solar panel industry are silicon and copper.
The IEA estimates that the demand for silicon for global solar panel production reached 756,000 tons in 2022. Copper demand for this sector reached 681,000 tons.
Meanwhile, the demand for other types of minerals is much lower, as shown in the graph above.
The IEA predicts that global demand for critical minerals will continue to increase, in line with the predicted strengthening trend of clean energy technology use.
"The development of clean technologies, such as solar panels and electric batteries, has driven unprecedented growth in the mineral market," said the IEA in its Critical Minerals Market Review 2023.
"The affordability and speed of the energy transition will be heavily influenced by the availability of these critical mineral supplies," it continued.
In addition to solar energy development, critical mineral commodities are also widely needed by the wind power generation industry, the electric vehicle industry, and renewable energy storage batteries.
According to IEA data, in 2022 the wind power generation industry used the most zinc and copper. Meanwhile, the electric vehicle and battery industry used the most graphite.