According to International Energy Agency (IEA) data, Indonesia was the world's largest coal exporter in 2022.
The IEA estimates that Indonesia produced 622 million tons of coal last year, with 76% used for export.
Total Indonesian coal exports in 2022 reached 473 million tons, comprising 469 million tons of thermal/lignite coal and 4 million tons of metallurgical coal.
Thermal and lignite coal are generally used as an energy source for power plants, while metallurgical coal is used as a raw material for steelmaking.
Besides Indonesia, other major coal exporting countries include Australia, Russia, the United States, South Africa, Colombia, and Canada, with details as shown in the graph.
The IEA estimates that global coal exports in 2022 reached 1.35 billion tons, a 1.4% increase compared to the previous year.
"Despite a worsening economic outlook, global coal supply is expected to reach a new record high in 2022. Coal demand increased in response to the surge in natural gas prices," said the IEA.
However, they predict that coal demand will decline in the coming years.
"Countries, particularly in Europe, will adapt to the energy crisis and return to the path of phasing out coal consumption. Energy supply security measures taken by China and India will also affect their reduced coal imports," said the IEA.
"We expect thermal coal trade to fall by around 10% until 2025. Conversely, metallurgical coal trade will grow by around 6%," it continued.