Indonesia's Greenhouse Gas Emission Growth by Sector, 2000-2023

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Adi Ahdiat 25/07/2025 12:30 WIB

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Indonesia's greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors have steadily increased during the period 2000-2023, except for the forestry and land use sector, where emissions have been highly volatile.

Indonesia's Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (2000-2023)

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Indonesia's Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (2000-2023)

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Indonesia's greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors have continued to increase over the last two decades, except for the forestry and land use sector, where emissions have been highly fluctuating.

This is evident from the 2024 Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification Report released by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK).

According to the report, during the 2000-2023 period, the most rapid growth in Indonesia's greenhouse gas emissions occurred in the energy and waste sectors.

Emission growth in the industrial and agricultural sectors was lower, while emissions from the forestry/land use sector tended to decrease after increasing sharply.

Here is a breakdown of the growth of Indonesia's greenhouse gas emissions per sector during the 2000-2023 period, based on KLHK data:

1. Energy Sector

KLHK's recorded energy sector emissions originate from the exploration and exploitation of fossil fuels, fossil fuel-based power generation, and the burning of fossil fuels for industrial, commercial, household, and transportation purposes.

2000 Emissions: 317.61 million tons CO2e
2023 Emissions: 752.28 million tons CO2e
Percentage growth 2000-2023: increased by 137%

2. Forestry/Land Use Sector

KLHK's recorded forestry/land use sector emissions originate from changes in forest and non-forest land cover, land conversion for agriculture and settlements, timber production, forest and land fires, including peatland fires.

2000 Emissions: 756.5 million tons CO2e
2023 Emissions: 306.9 million tons CO2e
Percentage growth 2000-2023: decreased by 59%

Despite a downward trend, emissions from the forestry and land use sector can change drastically, partly due to the influence of peatland fires.

"There were extreme increases in emissions in 2006, 2009, 2014, and 2015, when the El Niño phenomenon occurred. This El Niño phenomenon is suspected to be a contributing factor to prolonged and widespread peatland fires," stated KLHK in its report.

3. Waste Sector

KLHK's recorded waste sector emissions originate from the management of domestic solid waste (composting and waste burning), as well as the management of domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and industrial solid waste.

2000 Emissions: 62.19 million tons CO2e
2023 Emissions: 136.34 million tons CO2e
Percentage growth 2000-2023: increased by 119%

4. Agriculture Sector

KLHK's recorded agricultural sector emissions originate from rice cultivation in paddy fields, burning of agricultural residue biomass, the use of urea fertilizer, and emissions from livestock farming, livestock manure management, and other related activities.

2000 Emissions: 84.54 million tons CO2e
2023 Emissions: 104.98 million tons CO2e
Percentage growth 2000-2023: increased by 24%

5. Industrial Sector

KLHK's recorded industrial sector emissions originate from production activities in the mineral, chemical, metal, pulp/paper, food/beverage industries, as well as the use of non-energy fuel products and solvents (lubricants and paraffin wax).

2000 Emissions: 42.92 million tons CO2e
2023 Emissions: 59.85 million tons CO2e
Percentage growth 2000-2023: increased by 39%

Editor : Adi Ahdiat

"Disclosure: This is an AI-generated translation of the original article. We strive for accuracy, but please note that automated translations may contain errors or slight inconsistencies."

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Indonesia's Greenhouse Gas Emission Growth by Sector, 2000-2023

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