According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), in 2023, the majority, or 40.64%, of Indonesian households used bottled water as their primary drinking water source.
Bottled water is water produced and distributed by a company in glass, bottle, or gallon packaging.
Another 17.07% of households drank well water (groundwater extracted using a pump, including from boreholes/artesian wells).
Approximately 15.26% drank from protected wells (groundwater extracted through a hole in the ground protected by a wall/cement).
Then 10.1% drank from protected springs (ground surface water that emerges naturally and is protected from wastewater, bathwater, washwater, and so on).
Only 8.92% drank piped water (water produced through a purification and sanitation process before being distributed to consumers, including metered piped water and retail piped water).
Meanwhile, 3.53% drank surface water (water from rivers/lakes, including that channeled through pipes or taken directly).
Another 2.41% still drank from unprotected wells, and 2.07% from unprotected springs.