Indonesia's pepper production has experienced ups and downs in recent decades.
According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture (Kementan), in 1980, Indonesia was only able to produce 36.6 thousand tons of pepper.
After that, the trend fluctuated with an upward tendency, until during the 2001-2022 period, Indonesia's pepper production consistently remained above 70 thousand tons per year.
However, from 2023 until this year, its production capacity has decreased to around 62 thousand-64 thousand tons per year, as shown in the graph.
Since 1980, most of Indonesia's pepper has originated from smallholder plantations.
"During the 1980-2025 period, the contribution of smallholder plantations to national pepper production was 99.40%, while the contribution of private plantations was only 0.60%," said Kementan in its report.
However, in the last decade, or 2016-2025, the contribution of smallholder plantations decreased to 97.47%, while the contribution of private plantations increased to 2.53%.
"Over the last ten years, pepper production from smallholder plantations [PR] has decreased by 2.35% per year," Kementan stated.