Agrarian Conflicts in Indonesia Dominated by the Plantation Sector in 2025

According to the report by the Consortium for Agrarian Reform (KPA), throughout 2025, there were at least 341 cases of agrarian conflict in Indonesia, an increase of 15.6% compared to 2024.

These conflicts involved an area of 914.57 thousand hectares (ha) and affected 123,612 families in 428 villages.

“Not only has there been an increase in the number of incidents, but the spread of villages affected by agrarian conflicts has also expanded,” KPA explained in its 2025 Year-End Notes.

KPA stated that agrarian conflict cases occurring throughout 2025 were still dominated by the plantation and agribusiness sectors.

“Large-scale state and private plantation corporate operations caused 135 outbreaks of agrarian conflict, covering an area of 352,156.41 ha and affecting 8,734 families,” KPA revealed.

In the infrastructure sector, KPA added, there were 69 cases of agrarian conflict on land covering 59,809.42 ha and affecting 12,786 families.

Below are the details of agrarian conflict cases in Indonesia by sector in 2025:

1. Plantation: 135 cases
2. Infrastructure: 69 cases
3. Mining: 46 cases
4. Property: 36 cases
5. Forestry: 31 cases
6. Military facilities: 24 cases

KPA presented its report data from various sources, namely:

• Direct complaints from communities affected by agrarian conflicts;
• Complaints entered into the KNPA coalition's agrarian monitoring and emergency response system;
• Results of investigations and field studies;
• Results of agrarian conflict monitoring in national and regional mass media;
• Results of verified social media monitoring; and
• Collaboration with Yayasan Pusaka Bentala Rakyat for data collection in Papua.