One clear indication of mental health problems is behavioral issues and emotional instability.
The National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) defines behavioral and emotional problems as an individual's difficulty in controlling behavior or emotions that can harm themselves or disturb others.
Based on marital status, behavioral and emotional problems are most prevalent among divorced individuals. In March 2023, 0.84% of divorced individuals (living) experienced such mental health issues, and 0.79% of those who were widowed after divorce.
"Studies confirm that divorce can increase the risk of mental health problems. Depression, anxiety, stress, emotional problems, and loneliness are common effects after divorce," wrote the BPS in its report.
Married individuals experienced behavioral and emotional problems at a rate of 0.29%. Meanwhile, unmarried individuals had the lowest proportion, at only 0.17%.
The BPS also found that emotional problems were more common among women, at 0.31%, compared to men at 0.29%.
"Some causes of anxiety and depression experienced by women are partner conflict, divorce, loss of a loved one, and childcare issues," stated Sandanger's (2004) research, cited by the BPS.
(Read: Divorce Trends (Talak and Gugat) in Indonesia, 2018-2024)