Jakarta ranked 12th among the world's fastest-growing major cities in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Jakarta's GDP change from 2013 to 2030 reached US$354 billion. This GDP growth surpassed that of Paris (ranked 28th), Singapore (36th), Bangkok (442nd), Hong Kong (43rd), and Mumbai (48th).
The increase in Jakarta's GDP was driven by strong infrastructure improvements and population growth. At that time, Jakarta's per capita consumption was estimated to be ranked 22nd, a significant increase from its 119th ranking in 2013.
Furthermore, a 2016 Oxford Economics study nominally placed Jakarta among the top 10 countries with the highest consumption levels. Jakarta's consumption value was estimated at US$212 billion.
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